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Sapovirus Outbreaks in Long-Term Care Facilities, Oregon and Minnesota, USA, 2002–2009 - Vol. 18 No. 5 - May 2012 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC

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Sapovirus Outbreaks in Long-Term Care Facilities, Oregon and Minnesota, USA, 2002–2009 - Vol. 18 No. 5 - May 2012 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC



Volume 18, Number 5—May 2012

Dispatch

Sapovirus Outbreaks in Long-Term Care Facilities, Oregon and Minnesota, USA, 2002–2009

Lore E. LeeComments to Author , Elizabeth A. Cebelinski, Candace Fuller, William E. Keene, Kirk Smith, Jan Vinjé, and John M. Besser
Author affiliations: Oregon Public Health Division, Portland, Oregon, USA (L.E. Lee, W.E. Keene); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA (E.A. Cebelinski, C. Fuller, K. Smith); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (J. Vinjé, J.M. Besser)
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Abstract

We tested fecal samples from 93 norovirus-negative gastroenteritis outbreaks; 21 outbreaks were caused by sapovirus. Of these, 71% were caused by sapovirus genogroup IV and 66% occurred in long-term care facilities. Future investigation of gastroenteritis outbreaks should include multi-organism testing.
Viral gastroenteritis outbreaks are associated with illness and death when they occur in institutional settings, notably in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) for the elderly (1). Although most reported outbreaks in LTCFs are caused by norovirus (2), some have similar epidemiologic characteristics but are norovirus-negative after >2 fecal samples are tested by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Epidemiologically, these norovirus-like gastroenteritis outbreaks are characterized by 24–48-hour incubation periods, if known; vomiting in >50% of affected persons; and 12–60-hour median illness durations (3).
Norovirus and sapovirus are separate genera of the family Caliciviridae. Sapovirus was first detected in 1977 as the cause of a gastroenteritis outbreak in a home for infants in Sapporo, Japan (4), and was thereafter reported primarily among young children with acute gastroenteritis (5). After sapovirus RT-PCR was developed (6), sapovirus outbreaks were discovered in LTCFs and other settings populated by adults (79). Sapovirus genogroups I, II, IV, and V (GI, GII, GIV, and GV, respectively) infect humans (10). This report describes sapovirus outbreaks in Oregon and Minnesota, USA, during 2002–2009.

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