sábado, 2 de febrero de 2013

Streptococcus suis Meningitis in Swine Worker, Minnesota, USA - Vol. 19 No. 2 - February 2013 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC

Streptococcus suis Meningitis in Swine Worker, Minnesota, USA - Vol. 19 No. 2 - February 2013 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC


EID cover artwork EID banner
Table of Contents
Volume 19, Number 2– February 2013




Volume 19, Number 2—February 2013

Letter

Streptococcus suis Meningitis in Swine Worker, Minnesota, USA

Suggested citation for this article
To the Editor: Streptococcus suis is a major bacterial pathogen in swine worldwide. Historically, cases in humans have occurred sporadically, mostly in Asia (1,2). However, an outbreak in China involved 215 human cases and 39 deaths (3). Only 3 human cases of S. suis disease were documented in the United States before 2011: 2 domestically acquired cases in New York and Hawaii, and 1 case in a person in California who was probably exposed in the Philippines (4). We describe a case of S. suis disease in a swine worker in Minnesota, USA.
The case-patient was a previously healthy 60-year-old man (truck driver). On December 14, 2011, severe headache and chills developed, which he attributed to the onset of influenza. He had a history of migraine headaches, and used prescription medications to treat his headache. However, on December 15, he awoke with a severe headache that was unresponsive to treatment. Despite having to stop his truck several times because of the severe headache, he successfully completed his delivery route.
Early on December 16, his wife drove him to a nearby emergency department after he did not respond to ordinary commands. The patient had reduced coordination and behaved aggressively. His blood pressure was 92/52 mm Hg. He underwent intubation for 24 hours for airway protection, and a lumbar puncture was performed.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) had a leukocyte count of 10,501 cells/μL (99% neutrophils), a protein level of 509 mg/dL, and a glucose level of 38 mg/dL. A few gram-positive diplococci were observed in CSF. Complete blood count showed a leukocyte count of 14,800 cells/μL (92% neutrophils), a hemoglobin level of 14.1 g/dL, and a platelet count of 157,000/μL. Streptococcus suis was isolated from CSF and 2 of 4 blood cultures. Identification of S. suis was confirmed by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at the Minnesota Department of Health.
The patient was given decadron, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, vancomycin, and acyclovir. During hospitalization, antimicrobial drugs were tapered until he received only ceftriaxone. Major symptoms were severe headache and nausea. He was discharged in good condition on day 10 of hospitalization and then completed a 14-day course of ceftriaxone.
There are 35 known serotypes of S. suis (1). Of these serotypes, serotype 2 is most commonly identified in infected swine and humans (2). The S. suis isolate from this patient was identified as serotype 2 by coagglutination test at the International Reference Laboratory at the Université de Montréal (5). The sequence type was identified by PCR as type 25, a common type in North America (6,7). The isolate was positive by PCR for the gene encoding virulence-associated factor muraminidase-released protein and negative for genes encoding virulence-associated extracellular factor and suilysin (8). The isolate was genotyped by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR and compared with 750 swine isolates in the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory database (9). The obtained fingerprint matched that of 15 S. suis isolates from swine meningitis cases in Minnesota and Indiana during 2006–2010.
The patient worked for a trucking company that transports swine throughout the Midwest. His daily work required traveling to swine farms in Minnesota and making occasional trips to South Dakota and Iowa. His job was to load slaughter-weight swine into the truck and deliver them to regional slaughterhouses. Approximately 1 month before illness onset, he reported moving swine from a farm on which the farmer reported pneumonia, a rare yet reported manifestation of S. suis infection in swine.
The patient reported always wearing coveralls, boots, and gloves while loading and unloading swine, but he wore a dust mask only occasionally. He had no recent foreign travel and no skin breaks. However, absence of open wounds has been noted in previous case-patients (10).
The reported incubation period for S. suis infection in humans ranges from hours to weeks, and open wounds are associated with shorter incubation periods (2). Case-patients in the United States reported known risk factors, including handling ill swine or slaughtering and processing swine for meat (4). In this instance, the patient only loaded and unloaded slaughter-weight swine from his truck. He reported transporting swine that had pneumonia, which is common in finishing stages of swine production. However, although S. suis can cause pneumonia, this disease in finishing swine is probably caused by other common pathogens such as Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, influenza virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. A definitive source of infection for this patient was not identified. This case demonstrates a rare but potentially under-recognized occupational hazard for workers in the swine industry in the United States.
Heather N. FowlerComments to Author , Paul Brown, Albert Rovira, Beth Shade, Kathryn Klammer, Kirk Smith, and Joni Scheftel
Author affiliations: Author affiliations: Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA (H.N. Fowler, B. Shade, K. Klammer, K. Smith, J. Scheftel); Lakeview Medical Clinic, Waconia, Minnesota, USA (P. Brown); University of Minnesota, St. Paul (A. Rovira)

Acknowledgments

We thank the hospital and laboratory staff at Ridgeview Medical Center, the laboratory staff at the Minnesota Department of Health Public Health Laboratory, and Jason Daniels for assistance.
H.N.F. is an Applied Epidemiology Fellow supported by a fellowship from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists.

References

  1. Segura M. Streptococcus suis: an emerging human threat. J Infect Dis. 2009;199:46. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  2. Wertheim HF, Nghia H, Taylor W, Schultsz C. Streptococcus suis: an emerging human pathogen. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:61725. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  3. Yu H, Jing H, Chen Z, Zheng H, Zhu X, Wang H, Human Streptococcus suis outbreak, Sichuan, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:91420. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  4. Fittipaldi N, Collis T, Prothero B, Gottschalk M. Streptococcus suis meningitis, Hawaii. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:20679. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  5. Gottschalk M, Higgins R, Boudreau M. Use of polyvalent coagglutination reagents for serotyping of Streptococcus suis. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:21924.PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  6. King SJ, Leigh JA, Heath PJ, Luque I, Tarradas C, Dowson CG, Development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for the pig pathogen Streptococcus suis: identification of virulent clones and potential capsular serotype exchange. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:367180. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  7. Fittipaldi N, Xu J, Lacouture S, Tharavichitkul P, Osaki M, Sekizaki T, Lineage and virulence of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 isolates from North America. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:223944. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  8. Silva LM, Baums C, Rehm T, Wisselink H, Goethe R, Valentin-Weigand P. Virulence- associated gene profiling of Streptococcus suis isolates by PCR. Vet Microbiol. 2006;115:11727. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  9. Versalovic J, Koeuth T, Lupski JR. Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to fingerprinting of bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1991;19:682331. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  10. Gottschalk M, Segura M, Xu J. Streptococcus suis infections in humans: the Chinese experience and the situation in North America. Anim Health Res Rev. 2007;8:2945. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
Suggested citation for this article: Fowler HN, Brown P, Rovira A, Shade B, Klammer K, Smith, et al. Streptococcus suis meningitis in swine worker, Minnesota, USA [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2013 Feb [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1902.120918External Web Site Icon
DOI: 10.3201/eid1902.120918

No hay comentarios:

Publicar un comentario