domingo, 11 de agosto de 2013

Human Deaths and Third-Generation Cephalosporin use in Poultry, Europe - Vol. 19 No. 8 - August 2013 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC

Human Deaths and Third-Generation Cephalosporin use in Poultry, Europe - Vol. 19 No. 8 - August 2013 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC



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Table of Contents
Volume 19, Number 8–August 2013

Volume 19, Number 8—August 2013

Letter

Human Deaths and Third-Generation Cephalosporin use in Poultry, Europe

Suggested citation for this article
To the Editor: Globally, antimicrobial drug resistance is rapidly rising, with resultant increased illness and death. Of particular concern is Escherichia coli, the most common bacterium to cause invasive disease in humans (1). In Europe, increasing proportions of bloodstream infections caused by E. coli are resistant to third-generation cephalosporins (1,2).
Resistant E. coli can be transmitted to humans from animals. A large proportion of resistant isolates causing human infections are derived from food animals (36). However, lack of data has made it difficult to quantify the proportion of antimicrobial drug resistant E. coli infecting persons through food sources and the resultant effects on human health. Recent data from the Netherlands now make such estimates possible (2,6). The additional illness and death among humans resulting from bloodstream infections caused by third-generation cephalosporin–resistant E. coli (G3CREC) has been calculated for Europe (2). In the Netherlands, there were 205 G3CREC cases during 2007 (4% of all E. coli bloodstream infections) (2). Another study in the Netherlands revealed that 56% of the resistance genes in G3CREC in humans were identical to genes derived from E. coli isolated from retail chicken samples (6). Using the findings of Overdevest et al. (6) and de Kraker et al. (2), we calculated that, in the Netherlands, infections in humans with G3CREC derived from poultry sources were associated with 21 additional deaths. G3CREC-related illness also resulted in 908 hospital bed-days needed to treat persons with these antimicrobial drug resistant bloodstream infections. If these values were extrapolated to all of Europe (i.e., if 56% of G3CREC were derived from poultry), 1,518 additional deaths and an associated increase of 67,236 days of hospital admissions would be counted as a result of cephalosporin and other antimicrobial drug use in poultry (Technical Appendix Adobe PDF file [PDF - 226 KB - 3 pages]).
To more accurately estimate the associated increased deaths among persons resulting from third-generation cephalosporin use in poultry, detailed data from more countries is essential. Needed data include records of antimicrobial drug use and resistant bacterial strains found in food animals and domestic and imported foods. However, we already know that G3CREC is rapidly rising in many countries, and in Europe, the infection rate is likely to have tripled from 2007 to 2012 (2). Globally, billions of chickens receive third-generation cephalosporins in ovo or as day-old chicks to treat E. coli infection, a practice that has resulted in large reservoirs of resistant bacteria. In Canada, this practice has been associated with substantial increases in resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates detected in humans. (7). The United States Food and Drug Administration recently prohibited the off-label use of cephalosporins, including prophylactic uses, in major food animal species, including poultry (8).
The number of avoidable deaths and the costs of health care potentially caused by third-generation cephalosporin use in food animals is staggering. Considering those factors, the ongoing use of these antimicrobial drugs in mass therapy and prophylaxis should be urgently examined and stopped, particularly in poultry, not only in Europe, but worldwide.
Peter CollignonComments to Author , Frank M. Aarestrup, Rebecca Irwin, and Scott McEwen
Author affiliations: The Canberra Hospital, Garran, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia (P. Collignon); Australian National University, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia (P. Collignon); EU Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance. Copenhagen, Denmark (F.M. Aarestrup); World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens, Copenhagen (F.M. Aarestrup); Public Health Agency of Canada. Guelph, Ontario, Canada (R. Irwin); Ontario Veterinary College/University of Guelph, Guelph (S. McEwen)

References

  1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2010. Annual report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). Stockholm: The Centre; 2011.
  2. de Kraker ME, Davey PG, Grundmann H; BURDEN study group. Mortality and hospital stay associated with resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteremia: estimating the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1001104 and. Epub 2011 Oct 11. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  3. Jakobsen L, Spangholm DJ, Pedersen K, Jensen LB, Emborg HD, Agersø Y, Broiler chickens, broiler chicken meat, pigs and pork as sources of ExPEC related virulence genes and resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from community-dwelling humans and UTI patients. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;142:26472. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  4. Vieira AR, Collignon P, Aarestrup FM, McEwen SA, Hendriksen RS, Hald T, Association between antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from food animals and blood stream isolates from humans in Europe: an ecological study. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2011;8:1295301. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  5. Johnson JR, Sannes MR, Croy C, Johnston B, Clabots C, Kuskowski MA, Antimicrobial drug–resistant Escherichia coli from humans and poultry products, Minnesota and Wisconsin, 2002–2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:83846. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  6. Overdevest I, Willemsen I, Rijnsburger M, Eustace A, Xu L, Hawkey P, Extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes of Escherichia coli in chicken meat and humans, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:121622. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  7. Dutil L, Irwin R, Finley R, Ng LK, Avery B, Boerlin P, Ceftiofur resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg from chicken meat and humans, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:4854. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  8. US Food and Drug Administration. Cephalosporin order of prohibition goes into effect. April 6, 2012 [cited 2012 Apr 20]. http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/CVMUpdates/ucm299054.htmExternal Web Site Icon

Technical Appendix

Suggested citation for this article: Collignon P, Aarestrup FM, Irwin R, McEwen S. Human deaths and third-generation cephalosporin use in poultry, Europe [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2013 Aug [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1908.120681External Web Site Icon
DOI: 10.3201/eid1908.120681

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