sábado, 28 de septiembre de 2013

Leptotrichia trevisanii Sepsis after Bone Marrow Transplantation - Vol. 19 No. 10 - October 2013 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC

full-text ►
Leptotrichia trevisanii Sepsis after Bone Marrow Transplantation - Vol. 19 No. 10 - October 2013 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
EID cover artwork EID banner
Table of Contents
Volume 19, Number 10–October 2013

Volume 19, Number 10—October 2013

Letter

Leptotrichia trevisanii Sepsis after Bone Marrow Transplantation

Suggested citation for this article
To the Editor: Leptotrichia spp. have been identified as the cause of various infections. However, the most commonly reported infection is bacteremia in the setting of chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies (1,2). Only recently has L. trevisanii emerged as a cause of infection; case reports are rare (35). We recently observed 3 cases of L. trevisanii bacteremia in patients who had recently undergone peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (SCT.) Our goal was to identify possible causes of these infections.
The patients were 2 men and 1 woman (ages 53, 56, and 63 years, respectively) who had received myeloablative chemotherapy. The 2 men had multiple myeloma and relapsed follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma and had neutropenic fever 5 and 4 days post-SCT, respectively. The woman had acute myelogenous leukemia that had arisen from a myelodysplastic syndrome after matched sibling donor SCT failure. She had neutropenic fever on day 13 of induction therapy.
Multiple blood cultures from > 1 site (peripheral and central venous catheter [CVC] or 2 separate CVCs) obtained from each patient during the initial febrile episode grew L. trevisanii. For the 2 patients with positive cultures for peripheral blood and CVC sites, the peripheral culture was reported as positive before the CVC culture but not before use of the CVC. All subsequent blood cultures and catheter tip cultures from these patients had negative results for bacteria.
All organisms were cultured by using the BacT/ALERT 3D blood culture instrument (bioMeriéux, Durham, NC, USA) and standard aerobic and anaerobic media. Times to positivity were approximated (range 28–58 hours). Gram staining of isolates from culture media showed large, fusiform gram-negative rods. One isolate had gram-positive beading and was reported as gram variable. A second isolate grew anaerobically from initial subculture on 5% sheep blood agar but grew aerobically in chocolate agar in 5% CO2 on second subculture. A third isolate showed pinpoint growth on initial aerobic culture on sheep blood agar. No isolates were identified by using the RapID ANA II System (Remel, Lenexa, KS, USA).
One organism was identified as Sphingomonas paucimobilis by Vitek 2 (bioMeriéux), but this result was inconsistent with results of other biochemical tests. The 3 organisms were sent to the Mayo Medical Laboratories (Rochester, MN, USA) for anaerobic bacteria identification and speciation by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All catheter tips were cultured by rolling a 1-inch segment of the catheter on sheep blood agar and incubating them aerobically in 5% CO2 for 5 days.
The reason L. trevisanii has only recently been identified as a cause of bacteremia in neutropenic patients is likely multifactorial. Our findings suggest routine use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing and increased numbers of bone marrow transplants as the major reasons.
L. trevisanii was discovered in 1999. More than a decade had passed between the availability of 16S rRNA sequencing and discovery of this bacterium. (5). Some authors suggested that previous lack of recognition may have been caused by fastidious growth requirements, inconsistent staining, or misidentification (3,4,6). No recent major changes in instrumentation, subculture algorithm, or solid media had been made before we isolated this organism, and we had not previously isolated any unidentified organisms with similar appearance and growth patterns typical of L. trevisanii. Unlike some species of Leptotrichia, L. trevisanii grows readily on solid media when subcultured (3). This finding indicates an emergent pathogen rather than a previously undiagnosed cause of bacteremia.
We have seen an increase in the number of bone marrow transplants performed, but there has been no major change in myeloablative regimens. We observed 1 case of L. trevisanii bacteremia in each year during 2009–2011, in which our institution performed 185, 189, and 215 transplants, respectively (overall incidence 0.5 cases/100 transplants). This finding might explain why no cases were seen previously. All 3 patients had grades 1–2 mucositis, which in the presence of neutropenia, is a known risk factor for anaerobic bacteremia in patients undergoing chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies (3,7,8).
Bacteremia developed in the 3 patients while they were treated with levofloxacin. The 56-year-old man responded to a cephalosporin. The 63-year-old woman did not respond to a carbapenem or vancomycin but did respond to a second carbapenem. The 53-year-old man did not respond to a cephalosporin or metronidazole but became afebrile after treatment with vancomycin. These inconsistencies did not enable us to make specific therapeutic recommendations for treatment of L. trevisanii infection other than to report clinical resistance to levofloxacin.
Currently recommended treatment regimens for neutropenic fever do not include treatment for anaerobic infections. Some institutions have altered treatment regimens to include antimicrobial drugs, such as meropenem, because of increases in anaerobic bacteremias (3,9). We do not believe that the number of cases of anaerobic bacteremia at our institution warrants a change in treatment policy.
On the basis of our findings, we expect an increase in the number of cases of anaerobic bacteremia after an expected increase in the number of bone marrow transplants performed. Future policies include improved treatment or prevention of mucositis, earlier detection and identification of isolates, and revision of current antimicrobial drug protocols for empiric treatment of neutropenic fever.
Jennifer M. SchrimsherComments to Author , Joseph P. McGuirk, and Daniel R. Hinthorn
Author affiliations: University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA (J.M. Schrimsher, J.P. McGuirk, D.R. Hinthorn); University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, (J.P. McGuirk)

Acknowledgment

We thank Stephen Waller, Dana Hawkinson, Marsha Wilson, Mike Martin, Susan Klenke, Casey Williams, and the staff of the Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant Program for their time and expertise and for providing data for patients, the transplant program, and microbiologic methods.

References

  1. Eribe ER, Olsen I. Leptotrichia species in human infections. Anaerobe. 2008;14:1317 . DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  2. Thilesen CM, Nicolaidis M, Lökebö JE, Falsen E, Jorde AT, Müller F. Leptotrichia amnionii, an emerging pathogen of the female urogenital tract. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:23447. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  3. Couturier MR, Slechta ES, Goulston C, Fisher MA, Hanson KE. Leptotrichia bacteremia in patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:122832. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  4. Cooreman S, Schuermans C, Van Schaeren J, Olive N, Wauters G, Verhaegen J, Bacteraemia caused by Leptotrichia trevisanii in a neutropenic patient. Anaerobe. 2011;17:13. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  5. Tee W, Midolo P, Janssen PH, Kerr T, Dyall-Smith ML. Bacteremia due to Leptotrichia trevisanii sp. nov. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001;20:7659. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  6. Fukuhara H, Umemoto T, Sagawa H, Kato K, Kotani S. Purification and quantitative chemical analysis of cell wall peptidoglycans of Leptotrichia buccalis. Infect Immun. 1983;39:1326 .PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  7. Facchini L, Martino R, Ferrari A, Piñana JL, Valcárcel D, Barba P, Degree of mucositis and duration of neutropenia are the major risk factors for early post-transplant febrile neutropenia and severe bacterial infections after reduced-intensity conditioning. Eur J Haematol. 2012;88:4651 . DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  8. Lark RL, McNeil SA, VanderHyde K, Noorani Z, Uberti J, Chenoweth C. Risk factors for anaerobic bloodstream infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:33843. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  9. Viscoli C. Antibacterial prophylaxis in neutropenic patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007;30(Suppl 1):S605. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
Suggested citation for this article: Schrimsher JM, McGuirk JP, Hinthorn DR. Leptotrichia trevisanii sepsis after bone marrow transplantation [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2013 Oct [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1910.121048External Web Site Icon
DOI: 10.3201/eid1910.121048

No hay comentarios:

Publicar un comentario