A service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health
Macular Degeneration
Also called: Age-related macular degeneration, AMD
Macular degeneration, or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a leading cause of vision loss in Americans 60 and older. It is a disease that destroys your sharp, central vision. You need central vision to see objects clearly and to do tasks such as reading and driving.
AMD affects the macula, the part of the eye that allows you to see fine detail. It does not hurt, but it causes cells in the macula to die. There are two types: wet and dry. Wet AMD happens when abnormal blood vessels grow under the macula. These new blood vessels often leak blood and fluid. Wet AMD damages the macula quickly. Blurred vision is a common early symptom. Dry AMD happens when the light-sensitive cells in the macula slowly break down. Your gradually lose your central vision. A common early symptom is that straight lines appear crooked.
Regular comprehensive eye exams can detect macular degeneration before the disease causes vision loss. Treatment can slow vision loss. It does not restore vision.
NIH: National Eye Institute
MEDICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA
National Institutes of Health
- The primary NIH organization for research on Macular Degeneration is the National Eye Institute
Languages
- Chinese - Simplified (简体中文)
- Chinese - Traditional (繁體中文)
- Spanish (español)
Start Here
- Age-Related Macular Degeneration(National Eye Institute)
- Facts about Age-Related Macular Degeneration(National Eye Institute)
- Also available in Spanish
- Macular Degeneration(Patient Education Institute)
- Also available in Spanish
Overviews
- Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)(American Academy of Ophthalmology)
- Also available in Spanish
- Age-Related Macular Degeneration: What You Should Know(National Eye Institute) - PDF
- Also available in Spanish
- JAMA Patient Page: Age-Related Macular Degeneration(American Medical Association) - PDF
- Also available in Spanish
Diagnosis/Symptoms
- Amsler Grid Instructions(Prevent Blindness America)
- Macular Degeneration: Questions to Discuss with Your Doctor(Harvard Medical School)
- Tests Your Doctor Might Use(Macular Degeneration Partnership)
Treatment
- Choosing Wisely When It Comes to Eye Care: Antibiotics for Eye Injections(American Academy of Ophthalmology)
- Treatment Options for Dry AMD(Macular Degeneration Partnership)
- Treatment Options for Wet AMD(Macular Degeneration Partnership)
- What the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies Mean for You (AREDS2)(National Eye Institute)
Prevention/Screening
- Macular Degeneration Prevention and Risk Factors(BrightFocus Foundation)
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Nutrition
- Diet and Nutrition(American Academy of Ophthalmology)
- Also available in Spanish
- Diet and Nutrition(American Optometric Association)
- Lutein and Zeaxanthin(American Optometric Association)
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Disease Management
- Living with AMD(Macular Degeneration Partnership)
- Make the Most of Your Vision(Macular Degeneration Partnership)
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Specific Conditions
- Dry Macular Degeneration(Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)
- Wet Macular Degeneration(Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)
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Related Issues
- AMD: For Family and Caregivers(Macular Degeneration Partnership)
- Driving When You Have Macular Degeneration(National Highway Traffic Safety Administration)
- Questions to Ask Your Eye Care Professional(AMD Alliance International)
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Pictures & Photographs
- Photos, Images, and Videos (Macular Degeneration)(National Eye Institute)
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Tutorials
- Age-Related Macular Degeneration(National Eye Institute)
- Macular Degeneration(Patient Education Institute)
- Also available in Spanish
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Videos
- If I Had - Central Vision Blurring(Insidermedicine)
- If I Had - Macular Degeneration(Insidermedicine)
- Macular degeneration - Encyclopedia
- Also available in Spanish
- Stargardt Disease(American Macular Degeneration Foundation)
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Anatomy/Physiology
- Diagram of the Eye(National Eye Institute)
- Also available in Spanish
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Clinical Trials
- ClinicalTrials.gov: Macular Degeneration(National Institutes of Health)
- Clinical Trials for Dry AMD(Macular Degeneration Partnership)
- Clinical Trials for Wet AMD(Macular Degeneration Partnership)
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Genetics
- Genetics Home Reference: Age-related macular degeneration(National Library of Medicine)
- Genetics Home Reference: Stargardt macular degeneration(National Library of Medicine)
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Research
- Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)(National Eye Institute)
- Antioxidants and Age-Related Eye Disease(American Optometric Association)
- Emerging Technologies Look Deeper into the Eyes to Catch Signs of Disease(National Eye Institute)
- NIH Study Provides Clarity on Supplements for Protection Against Blinding Eye Disease(National Eye Institute)
- Research for Dry AMD and Wet AMD(Macular Degeneration Partnership)
- Three Studies Point to Same Risk Gene for Age-Related Macular Degeneration(National Eye Institute)
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Journal Articles
References and abstracts from MEDLINE/PubMed (National Library of Medicine)- Article: New eye vitamin mix for vision loss is no better...
- Article: Nutritional supplements for age-related macular degeneration revisited.
- Article: Dry age-related macular degeneration: mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and imaging.
- Article: Initial exploration of oral pazopanib in healthy participants and patients...
- Article: Retreatment with Ozurdex for macular edema secondary to retinal vein...
- Article: Stem cells in retinal regeneration: past, present and future.
- Article: Structural changes in individual retinal layers in diabetic macular edema.
- Article: Initial exploration of oral pazopanib in healthy participants and patients...
- Article: Iron, zinc, and copper in retinal physiology and disease.
- Article: Pharmacogenetic associations with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition in participants...
- Article: Retreatment with Ozurdex for macular edema secondary to retinal vein...
- Article: Structural changes in individual retinal layers in diabetic macular edema.
- Article: Visual outcome after antioxidant supplementation.
- Article: Immunology of age-related macular degeneration.
- Article: Iron, zinc, and copper in retinal physiology and disease.
- Article: Mechanisms of age-related macular degeneration and therapeutic opportunities.
- Article: Pharmacogenetic associations with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition in participants...
- Article: Treatment of cystic macular lesions in hereditary retinal dystrophies.
- Article: Two Year SAVE Outcomes: 2.0 mg ranibizumab for recalcitrant neovascular...
- Macular Degeneration -- see more articles
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Dictionaries/Glossaries
- Glossary(Foundation Fighting Blindness)
- Low Vision Glossary(National Eye Institute)
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Directories
- Eye Health Organizations Database(National Eye Institute)
- Also available in Spanish
- Find an Eye M.D.(American Academy of Ophthalmology)
- Also available in Spanish
- Find Services (for People with Vision Loss)(American Foundation for the Blind)
- Reading Services for the Blind and Visually Impaired(American Macular Degeneration Foundation)
- State Agencies Specializing in Blindness and Visual Impairment(American Macular Degeneration Foundation)
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Organizations
Newsletters/Print Publications
- AMD Newsletter(Macular Degeneration Partnership)
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Statistics
- Age-Related Macular Degeneration(National Eye Institute)
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MedlinePlus Magazine
Children
- Stargardt Disease(Foundation Fighting Blindness)
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Patient Handouts
- Fluorescein angiography
- Also available in Spanish
- Home vision tests
- Also available in Spanish
- Macular degeneration - age-related
- Also available in Spanish
- Ophthalmoscopy
- Also available in Spanish
- Slit-lamp exam
- Also available in Spanish
- Standard ophthalmic exam
- Also available in Spanish
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