Handbook - Genetics Home Reference

Handbook - Genetics Home Reference

Handbook

Help Me Understand Genetics

Help Me Understand Genetics presents basic information about genetics in clear language and provides links to online resources.

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Table of Contents Cells and DNA Cells, genes, and chromosomes How Genes Work Proteins, cell growth, and cell division Mutations and Health Gene mutations, chromosomal changes, and conditions that run in families Inheriting Genetic Conditions Inheritance patterns and understanding risk Genetics and Human Traits How genes influence various human characteristics Genetic Consultation Finding and visiting a genetic counselor or other genetics professional Genetic Testing Benefits, costs, risks, and limitations of genetic testing Newborn Screening Testing all babies in their first days of life for certain disorders and conditions Gene Therapy Experimental techniques, safety, ethics, and availability The Human Genome Project Sequencing and understanding the human genome Genomic Research Next steps in studying the human genome Precision Medicine Disease treatment and prevention strategies tailored to variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle Most Popular Handbook pages What is DNA? What are proteins and what do they do? What is a gene mutation and how do mutations occur? How many chromosomes do people have? What kinds of gene mutations are possible? Handbook Illustrations Help Me Understand Genetics Cells and DNA Major parts of a cell Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus Lysosomes and peroxisomes Mitochondria Nucleus Plasma membrane Ribosomes The structure of DNA Gene Chromosome structure Chromosomes 1-22, X, and Y How Genes Work Proteins Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Phenylalanine hydroxylase Growth hormone Actin Ferritin From genes to proteins Mitosis and meiosis: cell division Control of cell growth and division The process of apoptosis Final stage of apoptosis Genetic mutation and cancer development Chromosomal location of a gene Mutations and Health Types of gene mutations Missense mutation Nonsense mutation Insertion Deletion Duplication Frameshift mutation Repeat expansion Changes in chromosome number Normal human karyotype Trisomy Monosomy Triploidy Chromosomal mosaicism Structural changes to chromosomes Balanced translocation Unbalanced translocation Chromosomal deletion Chromosomal duplication Inversion Isochromosomes Dicentric chromosome Ring chromosome Inheriting Genetic Conditions Condition affecting members of a family Inheritance patterns Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X-Linked dominant (affected father) X-Linked dominant (affected mother) X-Linked recessive (affected father) X-Linked recessive (carrier mother) Codominant Mitochondrial Gene Therapy Gene therapy using an adenovirus vector