NIMH » Helping Children and Adolescents Cope with Violence and Disasters: What Community Members Can Do

NIMH » Helping Children and Adolescents Cope with Violence and Disasters: What Community Members Can Do

Helping Children and Adolescents Cope with Violence and Disasters: What Community Members Can Do

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Introduction

Each year, children experience violence and disaster and face other traumas. Young people are injured, they see others harmed by violence, they suffer sexual abuse, and they lose loved ones or witness other tragic and shocking events. Community members—teachers, religious leaders, and other adults—can help children overcome these experiences and start the process of recovery.

What is trauma?

“Trauma” is often thought of as physical injuries. Psychological trauma is an emotionally painful, shocking, stressful, and sometimes life-threatening experience. It may or may not involve physical injuries, and can result from witnessing distressing events. Examples include a natural disaster, physical or sexual abuse, and terrorism.

Disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods can claim lives, destroy homes or whole communities, and cause serious physical and psychological injuries. Trauma can also be caused by acts of violence. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attack is one example. Mass shootings in schools or communities and physical or sexual assault are other examples. Traumatic events threaten people’s sense of safety.

Reactions (responses) to trauma can be immediate or delayed. Reactions to trauma differ in severity and cover a wide range of behaviors and responses. Children with existing mental health problems, past traumatic experiences, and/or limited family and social supports may be more reactive to trauma. Frequently experienced responses among children after trauma are loss of trust and a fear of the event happening again.

It’s important to remember:

• Children’s reactions to trauma are strongly influenced by adults’ responses to trauma.
• People from different cultures may have their own ways of reacting to trauma.

Commonly experienced responses to trauma among children:

Children age 5 and under may react in a number of ways including:

• Showing signs of fear
• Clinging to parent or caregiver
• Crying or screaming
• Whimpering or trembling
• Moving aimlessly
• Becoming immobile
• Returning to behaviors common to being younger
• Thumbsucking
• Bedwetting
• Being afraid of the dark.

Children age 6 to 11 may react by:

• Isolating themselves
• Becoming quiet around friends, family, and teachers
• Having nightmares or other sleep problems
• Refusing to go to bed
• Becoming irritable or disruptive
• Having outbursts of anger
• Starting fights
• Being unable to concentrate
• Refusing to go to school
• Complaining of physical problems
• Developing unfounded fears
• Becoming depressed
• Expressing guilt over what happened
• Feeling numb emotionally
• Doing poorly with school and homework
• Loss of interest in fun activities.

Adolescents age 12 to 17 may react by:

• Having flashbacks to the event (flashbacks are the mind reliving the event)
• Having nightmares or other sleep problems
• Avoiding reminders of the event
• Using or abusing drugs, alcohol, or tobacco
• Being disruptive, disrespectful, or behaving destructively
• Having physical complaints
• Feeling isolated or confused
• Being depressed
• Being angry
• Loss of interest in fun activities
• Having suicidal thoughts.

Adolescents may feel guilty. They may feel guilt for not preventing injury or deaths. They also may have thoughts of revenge.

What can community members do following a traumatic event?

Community members play important roles by helping children who experience violence or disaster. They help children cope with trauma and protect them from further trauma exposure.

It is important to remember:

• Children should be allowed to express their feelings and discuss the event, but not be forced.
• Community members should identify and address their own feelings; this may allow them to help others more effectively.
• Community members can also use their buildings and institutions as gathering places to promote support.
• Community members can help people identify resources and emphasize community strengths and resources that sustain hope.

Community members need to be sensitive to:

• Difficult behavior
• Strong emotions
• Different cultural responses.

Community members can help in finding mental health professionals to:

• Counsel children
• Help them see that fears are normal
• Offer play therapy
• Offer art therapy
• Help children develop coping skills, problem-solving skills, and ways to deal with fear.

Finally, community members can hold parent meetings to discuss the event, their child’s response, how help is being given to their child, how parents can help their child, and other available support.

How can adults help children and adolescents who experienced trauma?

Helping children can start immediately, even at the scene of the event. Most children recover within a few weeks of a traumatic experience, while some may need help longer. Grief, a deep emotional response to loss, may take months to resolve. Children may experience grief over the loss of a loved one, teacher, friend, or pet. Grief may be re-experienced or worsened by news reports or the event’s anniversary.

Some children may need help from a mental health professional. Some people may seek other kinds of help from community leaders. Identify children who need support and help them obtain it.

Examples of problematic behaviors could be:

• Refusal to go places that remind them of the event
• Emotional numbness
• Dangerous behavior
• Unexplained anger/rage
• Sleep problems including nightmares.

Adult helpers should:

Pay attention to children

• Listen to them
• Accept/do not argue about their feelings
• Help them cope with the reality of their experiences.

Reduce effects of other stressors, such as

• Frequent moving or changes in place of residence
• Long periods away from family and friends
• Pressures to perform well in school
• Transportation problems
• Fighting within the family
• Being hungry.

Monitor healing

• It takes time
• Do not ignore severe reactions
• Pay attention to sudden changes in behaviors, speech, language use, or in strong emotions.

Remind children that adults

• Love them
• Support them
• Will be with them when possible.

Help for all people in the first days and weeks

There are steps adults can take following a disaster that can help them cope, making it easier to provide better care for children. These include creating safe conditions, remaining calm and friendly, and connecting with others. Being sensitive to people under stress and respecting their decisions is important.

When possible, help people:

• Get food
• Get a safe place to live
• Get help from a doctor or nurse if hurt
• Contact loved ones or friends
• Keep children with parents or relatives
• Understand what happened
• Understand what is being done
• Know where to get help

Don’t:

• Force people to tell their stories
• Probe for personal details
• Say things like “everything will be OK,” or “at least you survived”
• Say what you think people should feel or how people should have acted
• Say people suffered because they deserved it
• Be negative about available help
• Make promises that you can’t keep such as “you will go home soon.”

More about trauma and stress

Some children will have prolonged mental health problems after a traumatic event. These may include grief, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Some trauma survivors get better with some support. Others may need prolonged care by a mental health professional. If after a month in a safe environment, children are not able to perform their normal routines or new behavioral or emotional problems develop, then contact a health professional.

Factors influencing how one may respond to trauma include:

• Being directly involved in the trauma, especially as a victim
• Severe and/or prolonged exposure to the event
• Personal history of prior trauma
• Family or personal history of mental illness and severe behavioral problems
• Limited social support; lack of caring family and friends
• On-going life stressors such as moving to a new home, or new school, divorce, job change, or financial troubles.

Some symptoms may require immediate attention. Contact a mental health professional if these symptoms occur:

• Flashbacks
• Racing heart and sweating
• Being easily startled
• Being emotionally numb
• Being very sad or depressed
• Thoughts or actions to end one’s life.

Trauma Resources

Access to disaster help and resources:Website: http://www.disasterassistance.gov 

Centers for Disease Control and PreventionWebsite: http://emergency.cdc.gov/mentalhealth 

Federal Emergency Management AgencyPhone: 1-800-480-2520
Website: http://www.ready.gov/kids 

National Center for PTSDWebsite: http://www.ptsd.va.gov 

The National Child Traumatic Stress NetworkWebsite: http://www.nctsn.org 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Disaster Distress HelplinePhone: 1-800-985-5990
Website: http://www.disasterdistress.samhsa.gov 

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Center for the Study of Traumatic StressWebsite: http://cstsonline.org 

U.S. Department of Justice
Office for Victims of CrimeWebsite: http://www.ovc.gov/help/index.html 

If you or someone you know is in crisis or thinking of suicide, get help quickly.

• Call your doctor.
• Call 911 for emergency services or go to the nearest emergency room.
• Call the toll-free 24-hour hotline of the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255); TTY: 1-800-799-4TTY (4889).

Where can I find more information?

To learn more about trauma among children, visit:

MedlinePlus (the National Library of Medicine):http://medlineplus.gov  (En Español: http://medlineplus.gov/spanish )

For information on clinical trials, visit:

ClinicalTrials.govhttp://www.clinicaltrials.gov 

For more information on conditions that affect mental health, resources, and research, go to MentalHealth.gov at http://www.mentalhealth.gov , the NIMH website at http://www.nimh.nih.gov, or contact us at:

National Institute of Mental HealthOffice of Science Policy, Planning, and Communications
Science Writing, Press, and Dissemination Branch
6001 Executive Boulevard
Room 6200, MSC 9663
Bethesda, MD 20892–9663
Phone: 301-443-4513 or 1-866-615-NIMH (6464) toll-free
TTY: 301-443-8431 or1-866-415-8051 toll-free
Fax: 301-443-4279
Email: nimhinfo@nih.govWebsite: http://www.nimh.nih.gov

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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health
NIH Publication No. 14–3519
Revised 2014

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