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Ahead of Print -Isolation of Zika Virus from Febrile Patient, Indonesia - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC

Ahead of Print -Isolation of Zika Virus from Febrile Patient, Indonesia - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC



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EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES®

Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016

Letter

Isolation of Zika Virus from Febrile Patient, Indonesia

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To the Editor: Arthropodborne viruses (arboviruses) cause substantial human disease worldwide and have a pronounced effect on public health throughout Asia. Zika virus (ZIKV), discovered in Uganda in 1947 (1), is a flavivirus related to the following viruses: dengue (DENV), West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, and yellow fever. Like DENV, ZIKV is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. ZIKV emerged as a public health problem in 2007, when it caused an epidemic in Micronesia (2). Since then, ZIKV has caused epidemics elsewhere in the Pacific islands (3) and recently emerged in South America (4). ZIKV has been reported to cause mild and self-limited infection that can be misdiagnosed as dengue because of similar clinical features and serologic cross-reactivity (2). ZIKV has not, however, been reported to cause substantial thrombocytopenia or result in the serious vascular leakage that can be fatal in DENV infection.
Until recently, most evidence for ZIKV in Asia, including in Indonesia (5), has been serologic, but recent virus strains isolated from persons in Thailand (6), the Philippines (7), and Cambodia (8) have begun to clarify its genomic diversity. Phylogenetically, ZIKV appears to have 2 major lineages, African and Asian (9).
During December 2014–April 2015, a confirmed outbreak of dengue (determined by reverse transcription PCR [RT-PCR] for DENV and nonstructural protein 1 [NS1] antigen detection; data not shown) occurred in Jambi Province, central Sumatra, Indonesia. We received samples from 103 case-patients with clinically diagnosed dengue; these samples had been negative for DENV by RT-PCR, NS1 antigen detection, or evidence of seroconversion by ELISA (data not shown). We tested the samples for other viruses using alphavirus and flavivirus RT-PCR (targeting genome positions 6533–6999 and 8993–9258, respectively). In parallel, we attempted virus isolation using Vero cells.
One sample, JMB-185, came from a 27-year-old man who sought treatment at the Jambi city hospital 2 days after illness onset with a sudden high fever, headache, elbow and knee arthralgia, myalgia, and malaise. He did not exhibit some common clinical characteristics of ZIKV infection (10), including maculopapular rash, conjunctivitis, or peripheral edema. Hematologic testing revealed lymphocytopenia and monocytosis; platelet count was within reference range. Results of all assays were negative for DENV, including NS1 antigen detection with NS1 Ag Rapid Test (SD Bioline, Kyong, South Korea); PanBio Dengue Early NS1 ELISA (Alere, Brisbane, Australia); PanBio Dengue Duo IgM and IgG ELISA (Alere); and Simplexa real-time RT-PCR (Focus Diagnostics, Cypress, CA, USA). The illness was self-limiting, and the patient recovered 2 days after he sought treatment without any complications.
Thumbnail of Phylogenetic tree comparing Zika virus isolate from a patient in Indonesia (ID/JMB-185/2014; arrow) to reference strains from GenBank (accession numbers indicated). The tree was constructed from nucleic acid sequences of 530 bp from the nonstructural protein 5 region by using the minimum evolution algorithm in MEGA 6 (http://www.megasoftware.net). Numbers to the left of the nodes are bootstrap percentages (2,000 replications). Bootstrap values <70 are not shown. The tree was root
Figure. Phylogenetic tree comparing Zika virus isolate from a patient in Indonesia (ID/JMB-185/2014; arrow) to reference strains from GenBank (accession numbers indicated). The tree was constructed from nucleic acid sequences of 530...
Of the 103 DENV-negative specimens we tested, only JMB-185 was positive for flavivirus and displayed cytopathic effects when cultured in Vero cells for 10 days. A subsequent passage was performed, and supernatants from both passages were tested for flaviviruses by RT-PCR. A 265-bp amplicon was generated from JMB-185 by using flavivirus consensus primers. This consensus amplicon product had ≈85% nucleotide identity with the prototype ZIKV (strain MR 766, 1947, Uganda). An additional larger amplicon was generated (nt 9278–9808 of NS5 gene), and a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the partial sequence of the NS5 region (530 bp) for JMB-185 (GenBank accession no. KU179098) and other ZIKV sequences, including those from Cambodia, Yap Island, Thailand, and the Philippines (Figure). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that JMB-185 belonged to the ZIKV Asian lineage and had 99.24% nucleotide identity to an isolate from a Canadian visitor to Thailand (10). It was also close to a ZIKV strain isolated from an Australian traveler who had visited Java (on the basis of a different NS5 region; data not shown). The original serum and passage samples were further tested with ZIKV-specific real-time quantitative RT-PCR (2) by using the QuantiTect Probe RT-PCR Kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA) with amplification in the iCycler iQ5 (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Viral titers of JMB-185, as determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, were 4.25 × 103 PFU, 5.07 × 107 PFU, and 7.33 × 106 PFU for the clinical sample, first passage, and second passage, respectively.
The isolation and characterization of ZIKV from a resident with no travel history confirm that the virus is circulating in Indonesia and that, by mimicking mild dengue infection, this infection is likely contributing to the large number of undiagnosed cases of acute febrile illness. Although reported human cases of ZIKV infection have been rare in Southeast Asia (1), confusion with dengue and difficulty in obtaining a laboratory diagnosis are likely causing its incidence to be underestimated. Surveillance must be implemented to evaluate and monitor the distribution of ZIKV and the potential public health problems it may cause in Indonesia.
Aditya Perkasa, Frilasita Yudhaputri, Sotianingsih Haryanto, Rahma F. Hayati, Chairin Nisa Ma’roef, Ungke Antonjaya, Benediktus Yohan, Khin Saw Aye Myint, Jeremy P. Ledermann, Ronald Rosenberg, Ann M. Powers, and R. Tedjo SasmonoComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia (A. Perkasa, F. Yudhaputri, R.F. Hayati, C.N. Ma’roef, B. Yohan, K.S.A. Myint, R.T. Sasmono)Siloam Hospitals Jambi, Jambi, Indonesia (S. Haryanto)Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta (U. Antonjaya)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.P. Ledermann, R. Rosenberg, A.M. Powers)

Acknowledgments

We thank the patient, physicians, and the management of Siloam Hospitals Jambi for their support during the study.
This study was supported by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the US Agency for International Development.

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Suggested citation for this article: Perkasa A, Yudhaputri F, Haryanto S, Hayati RF, Ma’roef CN, Antonjaya U, et al. Isolation of Zika virus from febrile patient, Indonesia [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 May [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2205.151915


DOI: 10.3201/eid2205.151915

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