viernes, 24 de junio de 2016

CDC - Prevention Status Reports (PSR) - National Summary - HIV - STLT Gateway

CDC - Prevention Status Reports (PSR) - National Summary - HIV - STLT Gateway

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People



Prevention Status Reports

HIV

PSR NATIONAL SUMMARY
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The Prevention Status Reports highlight—for all 50 states and the District of Columbia—the status of public health policies and practices designed to address 10 important public health problems and concerns. This report highlights four policies that reflect recent scientific advances (1) in HIV prevention and medical care that can reduce new HIV infections and related illnesses and deaths:
  • Facilitating state Medicaid reimbursement for HIV screening (2–4)
  • Making state HIV testing laws compatible with the 2006 CDC and 2013 US Preventive Services Task Force HIV testing recommendations (3–5)
  • Reporting all CD4 and all HIV viral load data to the state HIV surveillance program and complete lab reporting to CDC (6)
  • Increasing the percentage of HIV-infected persons who have a suppressed viral load (7)
These policies are important state-level tools that further the goals of the 2010 National HIV/AIDS Strategy (7). Another strategy supported by scientific evidence is use of antiretroviral medications by persons with HIV to prevent transmission to uninfected partners (1).

State Medicaid reimbursement for routine HIV screening

Medicaid (traditional state Medicaid programs and Medicaid expansion programs) reimbursement of healthcare providers for costs associated with routine HIV screening, regardless of the patient’s HIV infection risk. (In states with Medicaid expansion, persons insured under the expansion are covered for routine HIV screening as required by law [8], while enrollees in traditional state Medicaid programs might or might not be covered for routine HIV screening.)
Bar chart showing the number of states rated green, yellow, and red for state Medicaid reimbursement for routine HIV screening in the 2015 PSRs, along with a table showing the rating scale. In 2015, of states with available data, 42 states rated green, 1 state rated yellow, and 8 states rated red. Green means that all Medicaid recipients were covered for routine HIV screening. Yellow means some Medicaid recipients were covered for routine HIV screening. Red means no Medicaid recipients were covered for routine HIV screening. States with missing data are not included. (State count includes the District of Columbia.)
How These Ratings Were Determined
These ratings reflect the extent to which state Medicaid programs supported routine HIV screening, as assessed by the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) and the National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors (NASTAD) (2,9,10).
Coverage of Routine HIV Screening—Traditional Medicaid: To assess coverage of routine HIV screening in traditional Medicaid fee-for-service programs, KFF surveyed state Medicaid officials in 2010 and 2013 (2). NASTAD updated the results in 2015 for all states without such coverage, except for two states (Alabama and Mississippi) that did not respond to requests for information (9).
Coverage of Routine HIV Screening—Medicaid Expansion Plans: Routine HIV screening is recommended with an “A” grade by the US Preventive Services Task Force and is covered without cost sharing in the “essential health benefits” package that Medicaid expansion plans provide to enrollees (4,11). Accordingly, all states that have expanded Medicaid coverage under the Affordable Care Act cover routine HIV screening for their expansion populations. State Medicaid expansion status was determined on the basis of data collected and posted by KFF as of April 29, 2015 (10).

Consistency of state HIV testing law with CDC’s 2006 HIV testing recommendations

Consistency of the state’s HIV testing law with key parameters of consent and counseling outlined in CDC’s 2006 HIV testing recommendations (3).
Bar chart showing the number of states rated green, yellow, and red for consistency of state HIV testing law with CDC's 2006 HIV testing recommendations in the 2013 PSRs and 2015 PSRs, along with a table showing the rating scale. In 2013, of states with available data, 49 states rated green, 0 states rated yellow, and 2 states rated red. In 2015, of states with available data, 50 states rated green, 0 states rated yellow, and 1 state rated red. Green means the state HIV testing law is consistent with consent and counseling parameters. Yellow rating does not apply for this indicator. Red means the state HIV testing laws were inconsistent with consent and counseling parameters. States with missing data are not included. (State count includes the District of Columbia.)
How These Ratings Were Determined
These ratings reflect the extent to which state laws governing HIV testing met every consent and counseling parameter stated below.
CDC researches state laws, regulations, and policies that could influence risk behaviors or alter the environment in which HIV prevention services are accessed and delivered (12). To assess HIV testing laws, staff reviewed laws and regulations in the 50 states and the District of Columbia using WestlawNext© (an online legal research system), literature reviews, and web searches. Relevant laws and regulations were coded using the following parameters:
Consent parameters:
  • Opt-out (rather than opt-in) testing
  • Inclusion of HIV testing consent as part of general medical consent forms (rather than HIV-specific consent forms)
  • Permission to give consent orally
Counseling parameter:
  • No requirement for HIV prevention counseling prior to testing

State reporting of all CD4 and all viral load data

Existence of a state statute, regulation, or policy that requires reporting of all CD4 and HIV viral load test results (detectable and undetectable); reporting of ≥95% of CD4 and viral load results to the state or local health department; AND reporting by the health department of ≥95% of laboratory results to CDC by the end of each year.
Bar chart showing the number of states rated green, yellow, and red for state reporting of all CD4 and all viral load data in the 2015 PSRs, along with a table showing the rating scale. In 2015, of states with available data, 28 states rated green, 16 states rated yellow, and 7 states rated red. Green means the state required reporting of all CD4 and viral load test results, and all data was reported to the CDC. Yellow means the state required reporting of all CD4 and viral load test results, but incomplete data was reported to the CDC. Red means reporting of all CD4 and viral load test results was not required or no policy existed. States with missing data are not included. (State count includes the District of Columbia.)
How These Ratings Were Determined
These ratings reflect the extent to which state CD4 and viral load reporting requirements were in place, as determined by a policy assessment conducted by CDC (5,6), and whether complete CD4 and viral load data were reported to CDC (5,6,13).
CDC researches state laws, regulations, and policies that could influence risk behavior or alter the environment in which HIV prevention services are accessed and delivered (12). To assess CD4 and viral load reporting requirements, staff reviewed laws, regulations, and directives in the 50 states and the District of Columbia using WestlawNext© (an online legal research system), literature reviews, and web searches. Relevant laws, regulations, and directives were coded using the following parameters:
  • CD4 reporting: Required laboratories to report all values (not just those below a specified threshold)
  • HIV viral load: Required laboratories to report all results (detectable and undetectable)
States were assessed as having complete reporting of laboratory results to CDC if, in addition to having state laws requiring the reporting of all levels of CD4 and viral load, the following criteria were met: 1) laboratories that perform HIV-related testing had reported a minimum of 95% of HIV-related test results to the state or local health department, and 2) by December 2014, the state had reported to CDC at least 95% of all CD4 and viral load test results received during January 2012–September 2014 (13).

HIV viral suppression

Statewide percentage of viral suppression among persons with diagnosed HIV infection. A person’s viral load is considered suppressed when the results of a viral load test show either that HIV is undetectable or there are fewer than 200 copies/mL of virus in the blood.
Bar chart showing the number of states rated green, yellow, and red for HIV viral suppression in the 2015 PSRs, along with a table showing the rating scale. In 2015, of states with available data, 0 states rated green, 0 states rated yellow, and 28 states rated red. Green means greater than or equal to 80.0% of persons were virally suppressed. Yellow ratings does not apply for this indicator. Red means less than 80.0% of persons were virally suppressed. States with missing data are not included. (State count includes the District of Columbia.)
How These Ratings Were Determined
These ratings reflect whether states had a viral suppression prevalence ≥80% among persons aged ≥13 years who had HIV infection diagnosed by the end of 2011 and were alive at the end of 2012 (13).
Ratings are reported only for those states that met the following criteria: 1) the state’s law or regulations required reporting of all CD4 and all viral load data to the state or local health department (6), 2) laboratories that perform HIV-related testing had reported a minimum of 95% of HIV-related test results to the state or local health department, and 3) by December 2014, the state had reported to CDC at least 95% of all CD4 and viral load test results received during January 2012–September 2014 (13). Geographic designations of viral suppression reflect where persons resided at HIV diagnosis.
**State count includes the District of Columbia

References

  1. Cohen M, representing the HPTN 052 Study Team. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 2011;365(6):493–505.
  2. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. State Medicaid Coverage of Routine HIV Screening. Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2014.
  3. CDC. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR 2006;55(RR-14):1–17.
  4. Moyer VA, on behalf of the US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for HIV: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine 2013;159(1):51–60.
  5. CDC. State HIV Laws. Accessed Jun 2, 2015.
  6. CDC. State Laboratory Reporting Laws: Viral Load and CD4 Requirements. Accessed Jun 2, 2015.
  7. White House Office of National AIDS Policy. National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States: Updated to 2020[PDF-2.2MB]. Washington, DC: The White House; 2015.
  8. Kates J. Medicaid and HIV: A National Analysis[PDF-1.6MB]. Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2011.
  9. Personal communication with Natalie Cramer, senior director, National Association of State and Territorial AIDS Directors, May 12, 2015.
  10. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Current Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions. Accessed Jun 2, 2015.
  11. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Preventive Services Covered by Private Health Plans under the Affordable Care Act. Accessed Jun 2, 2015.
  12. CDC. HIV and the Law. Accessed Jun 2, 2015.
  13. CDC. Monitoring selected national HIV prevention and care objectives by using HIV surveillance data—United States and 6 dependent areas—2013[PDF-6.3MB]. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report 2015;20(2).

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