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Ahead of Print -Pathogenic Lineage of mcr-Negative Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli, Japan, 2008–2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC

Ahead of Print -Pathogenic Lineage of mcr-Negative Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli, Japan, 2008–2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC

Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016

Letter

Pathogenic Lineage of mcr-Negative Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli, Japan, 2008–2015

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To the Editor: Colistin is a last-line drug for treatment of multidrug-resistant, gram-negative bacterial infections, including those caused by Escherichia coli. We report colistin-resistant E. coli isolates from Japan, including a global-spreading pathogenic lineage, serotype O25b:H4, sequence type (ST) 131, and subclone H30-R (O25b:H4-ST131-H30R).
We tested 514 E. coli isolates obtained from clinical specimens taken at Sapporo Clinical Laboratory Inc. (Sapporo, Japan) and Sapporo Medical University Hospital in Japan during 2008–2009 (1) and 2015, respectively. Samples were processed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (2). Identification of O25b:H4-ST131, O25b, H4, and ST131 were determined as described previously (1). For identification of the H30Rx subclone of O25b:H4-ST131, H30 was determined by PCR using a specific primer set (3), R was determined according to ciprofloxacin MIC, and x was determined by detecting 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, as previously described (4).
Four E. coli isolates exceeded the colistin resistance breakpoint (>2 µg/mL) (Table). None of the patients from whom the E. coli isolates were derived had a history of colistin treatment. Three of the 4 colistin-resistant isolates belonged to a pandemic lineage, O25b:H4-ST131-H30R, which has been isolated from urinary tract and bloodstream infections (3,4). The frequency of colistin-resistant ST131 E. coli isolates among O25b:H4-ST131 was 2.2%. This lineage is fluoroquinolone resistant and is frequently resistant to β-lactams because it possesses CTX-M–type extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes (1,3,4).
The colistin-resistant isolates reported were resistant to fluoroquinolones, and 1 (SME296) was resistant to cephalosporins (due to expression of blaCTX-M-14). Another colistin-resistant E. coli isolate (SME222) belonged to O18-ST416, which is also known as an extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (5), although this lineage has not previously been reported to exhibit colistin resistance.
The colistin-resistant E. coli isolates we identified were sensitive to carbapenems and aminoglycosides, including amikacin, whereas previously it was reported that some E. coli ST131 isolates exhibited resistance to carbapenems by possessing carbapenemases, such as NDM-1 and KPC-2; the NDM-1–possessing ST131 isolate also exhibited resistance to amikacin (6,7). Thus, these findings may affect future antimicrobial choices because of the clonal dominance, multidrug resistance, and pathogenicity of the isolates.
Recent studies reported a plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, in various countries (8). In addition, a novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene, mcr-2 (76.7% nucleotide identity to mcr-1), was found in E. coli isolates in Belgium (9). These genes encode a phosphoethanolamine transferase family protein, which modifies the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide (8,9). The colistin-resistant E. coli isolates we identified did not possess mcr-1or mcr-2, although the MICs for colistin were the same as or higher than that of the transconjugant of a mcr-1–harboring plasmid in an E. coliST131 isolate (4 mg/L) reported by Liu et al. (8). Thus, these colistin-resistant isolates may have other colistin resistance mechanisms. For example, modification of lipid A with 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose or phosphoethanolamine, caused by chromosomal mutations in mgrBphoPQ, and pmrAB genes, might occur and could be responsible for the resistance. This polymyxin-resistance mechanism is seen in Enterobacteriaceae; however, other novel mechanisms are also conceivable.
In conclusion, we report colistin resistance in a major global-spreading extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strain, O25b:H4-ST131-H30R, in Japan. This strain acquired colistin resistance without carrying a plasmid bearing the mcr gene. Clarifying the colistin-resistance mechanisms in these isolates is necessary if we are to forestall the emergence of multidrug (including colistin)–resistant O25b:H4-ST131-H30R. The worst-case scenario is the global spread of this isolate, which has acquired resistance to the last-line antimicrobial drug, colistin.
Toyotaka SatoComments to Author , Akira Fukuda, Yuuki Suzuki, Tsukasa Shiraishi, Hiroyuki Honda, Masaaki Shinagawa, Soh Yamamoto, Noriko Ogasawara, Masaru Usui, Hiroki Takahashi, Satoshi Takahashi, Yutaka Tamura, and Shin-ichi Yokota
Author affiliations: Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (T. Sato, Y. Suzuki, T. Shiraishi, H. Honda, S. Yamamoto, N. Ogasawara, H. Takahashi, S. Takahashi, S. Yokota)Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan (A. Fukuda, M. Usui, Y. Tamura)Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo (M. Shinagawa)

Acknowledgments

We thank Osamu Kuwahara for providing some of the E. coli clinical isolates.
This study was partly supported by grants from JSPS KAKENHI (grant nos. 15H06521 and 25861574) and the Yuasa Memorial Foundation.

References

  1. Yokota SSato TOkubo TOhkoshi YOkabayashi TKuwahara O, et al. Prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli O25:H4-ST131 (CTX-M-15-nonproducing) strains isolated in Japan. Chemotherapy2012;58:529.DOIPubMed
  2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (M100-S25). Wayne (PA): The Institute; 2015.
  3. Colpan AJohnston BPorter SClabots CAnway RThao L, et al.; VICTORY (Veterans Influence of Clonal Types on Resistance: Year 2011) InvestigatorsEscherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) subclone H30 as an emergent multidrug-resistant pathogen among US veterans. Clin Infect Dis2013;57:125665.DOIPubMed
  4. Price LBJohnson JRAziz MClabots CJohnston BTchesnokova V, et al. The epidemic of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli ST131 is driven by a single highly pathogenic subclone, H30-Rx. MBio2013;4:e0037713.DOIPubMed
  5. Lau SHReddy SCheesbrough JBolton FJWillshaw GCheasty T, et al. Major uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain isolated in the northwest of England identified by multilocus sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol2008;46:107680.DOIPubMed
  6. Peirano GSchreckenberger PCPitout JDCharacteristics of NDM-1-producing Escherichia coli isolates that belong to the successful and virulent clone ST131. Antimicrob Agents Chemother2011;55:29868.DOIPubMed
  7. Morris DBoyle FLudden CCondon IHale JO’Connell N, et al. Production of KPC-2 carbapenemase by an Escherichia coli clinical isolate belonging to the international ST131 clone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother2011;55:49356.DOIPubMed
  8. Liu YYWang YWalsh TRYi LXZhang RSpencer J, et al. Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study. Lancet Infect Dis2016;16:1618.DOIPubMed
  9. Xavier BBLammens CRuhal RKumar-Singh SButaye PGoossens H, et al. Identification of a novel plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance gene, mcr-2, in Escherichia coli, Belgium, 2016. Euro Surveill2016;21. DOI

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Suggested citation for this article: Sato T, Fukuda A, Suzuki Y, Shiraishi T, Honda H, Sinagawa M, et al. Pathogenic lineage of mcr-negative colistin-resistant Escherichia coli, Japan, 2008–2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Dec [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2212.161117


DOI: 10.3201/eid2212.161117

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